直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)的概述

在直接引用別人的原話(huà)時(shí)，被引用的句子稱(chēng)為直接引語(yǔ)。在用直接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，引語(yǔ)前后都要加引號。引導引語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞稱(chēng)為引用動(dòng)詞，如：say, ask, answer, reply等。引用動(dòng)詞多數放在后面，有時(shí)放在前面，間或插在引語(yǔ)中間。在把引用動(dòng)詞放在后面時(shí)，有時(shí)主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞位置可以顛倒(特別是主語(yǔ)較長(cháng)時(shí))。

例如：

Who is it? Ann shouted.

I never eat meat, she explained.

Sit up, he commanded, and hold out your hands.

當用自己的話(huà)轉述別人的話(huà)時(shí)，被轉述的部分稱(chēng)為間接引語(yǔ)。這時(shí)被引語(yǔ)部分常常是引用動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)。在多數情況下，引語(yǔ)都由連詞that引導，但在say, tell等詞后可以省略。

例如：He said (that) he had lost the bag.

Tell her I am out.

把直接引語(yǔ)變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要改變的內容

1. 要根據意思改變人稱(chēng)。

2. 要根據時(shí)態(tài)呼應的原則把時(shí)態(tài)加以調整。

3. 指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞也需要作必要的變動(dòng)。

各種句式變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)要發(fā)生的變化

1. 陳述句

直接引語(yǔ)如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，用連詞that引導 (that可省略)。例如：

Tony said to me, I will leave this book in your desk.

→Tony told me (that) he would leave that book in my desk.

如果直接引語(yǔ)是表示建議、要求、推測、判斷的陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式、V-ing形式或含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的賓語(yǔ)從句。

例如：

Jane said to Tony, You’d better ask your friends for some advice.

→Jane advised Tony to ask his friends for some advice.

→Jane suggested Tony asking his friends for some advice.

→Jane advised/suggested that Tony (should) ask his friends for some advice.

2. 一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句和反意疑問(wèn)句

直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要用連詞whether或if引導，同時(shí)把原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。

例如：

The woman asked me, Can you show me the way to the nearest bookstore?

→The woman asked me whether/if I could show her the way to the nearest bookstore.

直接引語(yǔ)是選擇疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，通常用連詞whether引導，同時(shí)把原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。例如：

My friend asked, Will you come here by bus or by bike?

→My friend asked whether I would go there by bus or by bike.

直接引語(yǔ)是反意疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，常由連詞whether或if引導，同時(shí)把原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。

例如：

He asked, This math problem is very difficult, isn’t it?

→He asked whether/if that math problem was very difficult.

3. 特殊疑問(wèn)句

直接引語(yǔ)是特殊疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，仍用原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)詞引導，同時(shí)把原來(lái)的疑問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序變?yōu)殛愂鼍湔Z(yǔ)序。

例如：

She asked, Where do you come from, Tom?

→She asked Tom where he came from.

4. 表示請求、提議、建議或勸告等意義的疑問(wèn)句

直接引語(yǔ)如果是此類(lèi)疑問(wèn)句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以變?yōu)閯?dòng)詞不定式、V-ing形式或含虛擬語(yǔ)氣的賓語(yǔ)從句。

例如：

Could you please tell me something about the trip? David said to his sister.

→David asked his sister to tell him something about the trip.

Why don’t you buy one for yourself? she asked.

→She advised me to buy one for myself.

→She suggested me buying one for myself.

→She suggested/advised that I (should) buy one for myself.

5. 祈使句

直接引語(yǔ)是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要將祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據句子的意思加上tell, ask, order等動(dòng)詞。如果祈使句為否定式，則在不定式的前面加not。

例如：

Mrs. Lee said to her, Please come here again tomorrow.

→Mrs. Lee asked her to go there again the next/following day.

She said, Don’t touch my book, Jack.

→She told Jack not to touch her book.

6. 感嘆句

直接引語(yǔ)是感嘆句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以用what, how或that引導。

例如：

What a sunny day it is! she said.

→She said what a sunny day it was./She said that it was a sunny day.

She said, How aloud this student sings!

→She said how aloud that student sang./She said that student sang very aloud.

將直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，需要注意的問(wèn)題

1. 直接引語(yǔ)是客觀(guān)事實(shí)、科學(xué)真理、諺語(yǔ)、習語(yǔ)、格言或為了表示引述的狀態(tài)和情況到現在仍然是事實(shí)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。

例如：

Where there is no trust, there is no love, said our teacher.

→Our teacher said that where there is no trust, there is no love.

Her father said to them, She is a good girl.

→Her father told them she is a good girl.

2. 直接引語(yǔ)中有表示過(guò)去某年、某月或某日等具體的時(shí)間作狀語(yǔ)，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一般不變。

例如：

William said, I was born in 1988.

→William said that he was born in 1988.

但當直接引語(yǔ)中有以since, while, when等引導的表示過(guò)去時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句，變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，狀語(yǔ)從句中的一般過(guò)去時(shí)不變，但主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞則要改為過(guò)去完成時(shí)。例如：

She said, I went there when I was ten years old.

→She said that she had gone there when she was ten years old.

3. 如果就在當地或當天轉述，here不必變?yōu)閠here，動(dòng)詞come不必變?yōu)間o；yesterday, tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)也不必改變。

例如：

Just come here to wait for me after school, said my mother.

→My mother asked me to just come here to wait for her after school.

I am now a Chinese citizen, Henry said proudly.

→Henry said proudly that he is now a Chinese citizen.